Main Types of Fibroblast Growth Factors: Biological Functions and Significance

An analytical review of domestic and foreign publications from the last ten years on the structure, receptor interactions, and physiological role of the main types of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) in humans has been conducted. FGFs are involved in angiogenesis, wound healing, and embryogenesis. In humans, 23 members of the fibroblast growth factor family have been identified. FGF representatives can be broadly divided into three families based on their functional differences. The first family comprises FGF1–FGF10. The second family unites the homologous fibroblast growth factors, FGF11–FGF14. The third family includes FGF16– FGF23. Within this third family, a distinct group of factors – FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23 – can be identified, which, unlike other family members, exert systemic effects. The structure, receptor interactions, and physiological role of the main types of FGFs in humans are described. Based on the compiled data, a functional classification of the FGF family is proposed: canonical FGFs 1–10, homologous FGFs 11–14, and endocrine FGFs 19, 21, and 23. The article highlights their roles in angiogenesis, embryogenesis, connective tissue regeneration, neurogenesis, and metabolic regulation. A detailed description of FGF21 as a promising biomarker and therapeutic target for metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes is provided. The systematization of knowledge on FGFs underscores their significance in both normal physiology and pathology, and lays the groundwork for the development of novel pharmacological strategies.