Perceptions, adaptations, and innovation barriers among rice farmers facing sea level rise: Insights from Bohol, Philippines

Rising sea levels are leading to increased flooding and salinization of coastal soils, making it more difficult to continue rice production in low-lying coastal areas. This presents a complex risk management challenge situated within the nexus of farmer well-being, soil degradation, and local development, and for which community-based solutions offer a promising approach. This study aimed to identify such solutions by assessing the knowledge and perceptions of farmers in a selected salt-affected rice area in Bohol, Philippines. Key informant interviews and a focus group discussion were conducted to collect data on the farmers' general farming practices, knowledge of soil salinity and adaptation, and attitudes toward participatory management. The responses were analyzed using thematic analysis and Ostrom's Institutional Analysis and Development framework. The results revealed that the respondents had accurate knowledge of salinization in their fields, the ability to propose innovative solutions, and the willingness to engage in active participatory management. However, this was contrasted by the lack of effective adaptation strategies currently implemented in the area. Several factors contributing to this discrepancy were identified, including internal community attributes, limited interaction both among community members and with external stakeholders, and the slow-onset nature of the hazard. Although rice production in the study site continues through existing support mechanisms and reliance on the chance of rain, alternative arrangements are imperative to foster long-term viability. Context-specific and appropriate strategies were identified, including collaborative learning, open feedback channels, and technical measures such as alternative rice varieties and improved irrigation infrastructure. • Farmers in the salt-affected rice area show a gap between ideation and innovation. • Applying Ostrom's IAD framework expanded the analysis and identified key variables. • Factors beyond knowledge and formal support affect adaptation and resilience. • Alternative institutional arrangements are needed, such as communities of practice.