Review of Machine Coolant Disposal and Recycling Methods: Ecological and Technological Perspectives

This article presents a comprehensive review of methods for the disposal and recycling of machine coolants, with a particular focus on ecological and technological perspectives. Coolants, essential in various industrial processes including metalworking, play a critical role in lubrication and heat dissipation. However, once spent, they become a source of significant environmental challenges due to contamination, the presence of machining oils, and the need to comply with strict environmental regulations. The article discusses the most commonly used coolant treatment technologies, such as vacuum evaporation, oil separation, regeneration, incineration, biological treatment, and chemical processing. The review emphasizes methods suitable for small and medium-sized enterprises, considering their economic efficiency, technological feasibility, and regulatory compliance. Additionally, emerging directions for future development are identified, including biotechnology and advanced membrane processes, which may contribute to more sustainable management of coolant waste.