Integrating UAV Surveys and Geospatial Analysis for Geoheritage Evaluation: A Case Study of Markovi Kuli, North Macedonia

Abstract This study presents an approach of inventory, morphometric analysis, and geoconservation assessment of the exceptional denudation landforms of the Markovi Kuli geosite in North Macedonia. By integrating Digital Elevation Models (DEM) and orthophoto imagery processed from the UAV-based aerial photos of the area using Agisoft Metashape software, a high-resolution 0.1 m 3D model is produced. The model’s accuracy is then verified against the carefully selected control points. After the creation of the 3D model, visual inspection, delineation, and measurement of the granitic landforms are made as a basis for the landform inventory. As part of the geosite analysis, machine learning algorithms were employed to refine the classification of landforms. The detailed inventory revealed an abundance of landform structures, including inselbergs, tors, and boulders, showcasing diverse granitic formations. The study also applies the Geosite Assessment Model (GAM) and Heritage Climate Index (HERCI) to evaluate the site’s scientific, aesthetic, and climatic suitability for tourism and conservation. Results indicate high Main Values (8.5) for scientific and aesthetic significance and moderate Additional Values (9.25) for infrastructure and educational potential. This study highlights the importance of sustained monitoring and adaptive management strategies in preserving the overall integrity of Markovi Kuli for future generations.