Synthesis and Physico-Chemical Characterization of Biodiesel Derived from Agricultural Waste a Mixture of New and Expired Cannabis Oil

The increasing global demand for renewable energy sources and the pressing necessity to diminish reliance on fossil fuels have expedited research into sustainable biofuel alternatives. Biodiesel, made from plant-based oils, has become a potential option since it breaks down naturally, has a minimal carbon footprint, and works with diesel engines that are already on the market. Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa) is one of the best possible feedstocks since it can be grown in a wide range of conditions, can grow well on poor land, and has no effect on the environment. This study presents an innovative methodology for utilizing hemp oil as a sustainable feedstock for biodiesel production, while including environmental innovation through the use of expired vegetable oils, thus minimizing waste and fostering circular economy principles. Five vegetable oil blends, including cannabis oil, soybean oil, and apricot kernel oil, were turned into biodiesel using the transesterification method. We used yield, pH, density, calorific value, and acid value to measure the quality of the biodiesel. We also used infrared spectroscopy (IR) and principal component analysis (PCA) to get further information about its physical and chemical properties. The results show that the quality of biodiesel is directly connected to the composition of the oil. Hemp-based biodiesel passes ASTM and European requirements and has qualities similar to petrodiesel. This study highlights the dual agricultural and environmental advantages of hemp as an energy crop, fostering sustainable farming practices, minimizing waste, and facilitating the shift towards low-carbon energy alternatives. Keywords: Biodiesel synthesis, cannabis oil, renewable fuels, sustainable energy.