A review on pharmacological activity of carica papaya

Carica papaya L., commonly known as papaya, is a tropical plant widely recognized for its diverse pharmacological properties. Various parts of the plant, including leaves, fruits, seeds, and latex, contain bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenolics, vitamins, carotenoids, and proteolytic enzymes like papain. These constituents contribute to a broad spectrum of therapeutic activities. Papaya exhibits antioxidant properties by scavenging free radicals, protecting cells from oxidative stress, and enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Its anti-diabetic activity involves regulation of blood glucose levels, improvement of insulin function, and protection of pancreatic beta cells. The plant also demonstrates anti-cancer, anti-malarial, anti-dengue, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects, as well as anthelmintic and anti-amoebic activities, making it useful against parasitic infections. Evaluation tests, including macroscopic, microscopic, physicochemical, phytochemical, and modern analytical techniques, ensure the quality, purity, and standardization of papaya extracts.