Plant species diversity and farmers’ preferences in home garden agroforestry systems for environmental sustainability in Southwest Ethiopia

Home garden agroforestry systems in southwest Ethiopia, deeply rooted in local knowledge and tradition, play a critical role in conserving plant biodiversity and sustaining rural livelihoods. However, these systems are increasingly threatened by population pressure and the expansion of monoculture cash crops such as khat ( Catha edulis ) and Coffea arabica . This study, conducted in 2024 across three agroecological zones, explored plant diversity and farmer preferences in home gardens through field inventories and household surveys. A total of 64 plant species were identified, with the midland zone showing the highest species richness. Key species such as Cordia africana , Persea americana , Coffea arabica , and Grevillea robusta were highly valued for both their ecological functions and economic contributions. Households with larger home gardens and greater agroforestry experience tended to maintain more diverse home gardens. Farmers prioritized species based on market demand, environmental adaptability, and soil compatibility. Despite their value, these agroforestry systems face challenges including limited access to landrace seed and seedlings, pest infestations, and weak extension support. These constraints hamper diversification and long-term sustainability. The findings highlight the crucial need for targeted, farmer-centered policies that strengthen home garden agroforestry systems. Supporting local seed systems, improving advisory services, and integrating agroforestry into rural development strategies are essential steps toward enhancing biodiversity and resilient livelihoods in the agro-ecological system. • Home gardens in southwest Ethiopia show high species diversity (H' = 3.09, 1–D = 0.875). • Species richness correlates with landholding size and agroforestry experience (p < 0.01). • Cordia africana had the highest IVI (56.25), indicating ecological dominance. • Farmers prioritize species based on economic value, soil, and climate suitability.