Review of Phyto-pharmacological and Nutraceutical Profile of Black Currant Tree (Antidesma ghaesembilla Gaertn.)

Antidesma ghaesembilla Gaertn., a member of the Phyllanthaceae family, is commonly known as Mao Luang, Wild Currant, or Black Currant. It is a small fruit-bearing tree widely distributed throughout tropical Asia. Traditionally, different parts of the plant have been used in folk medicine for treating gastrointestinal ailments, infections, and nervous system disorders. Its edible fruits, rich in nutrients and bioactive compounds, are also consumed as a health-promoting food, reflecting its dual importance as both a medicinal and nutritional resource. Phytochemical analyses have identified a wide range of constituents including sterol, triterpenes, phenolic acids (protocatechuic, vanillic), benzenoids (chavibetol), fatty acids, and polyprenols. Aristolic acid derivatives isolated from the bark highlight potential safety concerns due to structural similarity with nephrotoxic aristolochic acids. Pharmacological investigations indicate central nervous system depressant and anxiolytic activity of the fruits, antioxidant, antibacterial, thrombolytic, and cytotoxic potential of the leaves and fruits, and antimycobacterial properties of its endophytic fungi. Nutritionally, the fruits are rich in phenolics and micronutrients, supporting their role as a functional food. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive account of the phytochemical profile, pharmacological activities, and nutritional value of Antidesma ghaesembilla, while also highlighting safety aspects and future research needs.