Participation and contextual equity in REDD implementation: A qualitative case-study from Gola, Sierra Leone

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) is a global framework that promotes climate, social, and biodiversity goals through tropical forest management. An ongoing challenge is integrating equity for "full and effective" participation of local actors. REDD research suggests that underlying socio-cultural determinants of power and capabilities are central to equity. However, the literature is largely focused on early-stage program design and implementation, with much less knowledge about the established programs. We investigate contextual equity and participation in the long-running Gola REDD program in Sierra Leone, using ethnographic methods during a 3-year forest conservation project. We found hierarchical governance systems channeled project implementation toward top-down positioning, mediating trust and forms of participation. Socio-cultural obligations to comply with decisions made by authorities constrained actors' roles, while complex power dynamics meant town leaders had variable influence over forest use. Intermediary institutions and interpersonal relationship-building helped counteract these processes. Participation influenced project effectiveness via attitudes tied to benefit sharing, socio-cultural norms of reciprocity, and experiences with development and aid. We recommend REDD proponents: 1) prioritize socio-cultural familiarity and relationship-building to navigate power complexities; 2) define social equity/participation goals to manage trade-offs; and 3) ensure effective two-way communication for trust-building.