Trends and patterns of global health risk factors (2015–2019): a composite index approach across 100 countries stratified by human development index groups

The study highlights significant disparities in health risk factors across HDI groups, underscoring the need for tailored interventions. In general, very high and high HDI countries require focused efforts on noncommunicable disease-related health risk factors, while low and medium HDI countries should prioritize nutrition and environmental risks. Composite indices like the health risk factor index facilitate benchmarking and policy development, promoting accountability and targeted strategies for global health improvement.