Environmental and Nutritional Risk Factors of Chronic Kidney Disease in Northern Yobe State: A Multifactorial Preventive Perspective

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is increasingly recognized as a public health challenge in Northern Yobe State, Nigeria, with environmental exposure to heavy metals emerging as a potential contributing factor. This study investigates the presence of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), arsenic (As), and chromium (Cr) in water, soil, and food sources across Bade, Nguru, and Jakusko local government areas. Using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS), samples of borehole water, river water, soil, spinach, rice, and fish were analyzed. Results revealed moderately elevated concentrations of Cd (0.012–0.018 mg/L), Pb (0.025–0.045 mg/L), and As (0.015–0.022 mg/L) in borehole water—exceeding WHO permissible limits of 0.003 mg/L for Cd, 0.01 mg/L for Pb, and 0.01 mg/L for As. Fish samples contained Cd (0.09 mg/kg), Pb (0.12 mg/kg), and As (0.08 mg/kg), while spinach showed Cd (0.07 mg/kg) and Pb (0.10 mg/kg), indicating dietary exposure risks. Soil samples also reflected elevated levels of Ni (0.15 mg/kg) and Cr (0.20 mg/kg), though within tolerable limits. These findings suggest chronic low-dose exposure to nephrotoxic metals, potentially contributing to CKD prevalence in the region. The study emphasizes the need for continuous environmental surveillance, dietary risk assessment, and public health interventions. By integrating toxicological data with community health strategies, this research advocates for proactive measures to mitigate CKD risks and promote environmental safety.