Evaluation of Maternal and Neonatal Risk Factors in the Transmission of Toxoplasmosis: A Study on the Detection of Toxoplasma gondii Antibodies in Cord Blood

BACKGROUND: Toxoplasmosis, a neglected tropical disease caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii, is among the most common congenital infections worldwide, particularly in developing countries. The infection can be transmitted through cord blood—the blood remaining in the placenta after childbirth. This study investigates the presence of Toxoplasma gondii in cord blood and examines associated maternal and neonatal factors. METHODS: This study was conducted at the Rivers State Teaching Hospital in Port Harcourt. A total of 180 cord blood samples were randomly collected from newborns in the labor ward, following ethical approval. The samples were analyzed for Toxoplasma gondii IgG antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Maternal and neonatal data were collected through structured questionnaires, and statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). RESULTS: The findings revealed that 36.7% of the cord blood samples tested positive for Toxoplasma gondii. Maternal age, education level, and occupation were not significantly associated with infection prevalence. However, specific maternal risk factors—including lack of awareness, consumption of undercooked meat, poor hand hygiene, and consumption of unwashed fruits and vegetables—were associated with increased prevalence. Notably, a significant correlation was observed between low birth weight (1.6–2.5 kg) and higher infection rates, with a 25% prevalence in this subgroup. CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of toxoplasmosis identified in this study emphasizes the need for increased public health education and awareness regarding the disease and its implications for newborns. Routine screening and appropriate treatment for pregnant women are recommended to reduce the rate of congenital transmission.