Profit-Oriented Multi-Objective Dynamic Flexible Job Shop Scheduling with Multi-Agent Framework Under Uncertain Production Orders

In the highly competitive manufacturing environment, customers are increasingly demanding punctual, flexible, and customized deliveries, compelling enterprises to balance profit, energy efficiency, and production performance while seeking new scheduling methods to enhance dynamic responsiveness. Although deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has made progress in dynamic flexible job shop scheduling, existing research has rarely addressed profit-oriented optimization. To tackle this challenge, this paper proposes a novel multi-objective dynamic flexible job shop scheduling (MODFJSP) model that aims to maximize net profit and minimize makespan on the basis of traditional FJSP. The model incorporates uncertainties such as new job insertions, fluctuating due dates, and high-profit urgent jobs, and establishes a multi-agent collaborative framework consisting of “job selection–machine assignment.” For the two types of agents, this paper proposes adaptive state representations, reward functions, and variable action spaces to achieve the dual optimization objectives. The experimental results show that the double deep Q-network (DDQN), within the multi-agent cooperative framework, outperforms PPO, DQN, and classical scheduling rules in terms of solution quality and robustness. It achieves superior performance on multiple metrics such as IGD, HV, and SC, and generates bi-objective Pareto frontiers that are closer to the ideal point. The results demonstrate the effectiveness and practical value of the proposed collaborative framework for solving MODFJSP.