Decentralized Load Frequency Control of a Multi-Area Cyber-Physical Power System

The penetration of renewable energy sources (RES) is a requirement of the present-day deregulated power market. However, deregulation poses certain modeling & control challenges, (1) RES penetration into the conventional Load Frequency Control (LFC) of the power system makes the dynamics complex due to the different dynamic characterization of the RES, (2) inclusion of the open communication infrastructure (networked communication) thereby impose certain constraints like latency (delay), randomness of the data, data security, communication protocols, loss of data, which affects the dynamics greatly. To interlink these aspects, namely RES integration and network communication constraints, the power system is being remodeled as a Cyber-Physical Power Systems (CPPS). To address these issues of modern power system requirements, a decentralized PID control using Linear Quadratic Differential Game (LQDG) theory is designed to handle the stabilization & disturbance rejection for a CPPS model. The performance of the designed controller is tested on a 39-bus system, which includes an open communication network (ethernet) to communicate control signals between sensor & actuator nodes with most of the constraints mentioned above.