Demand Response Based Optimally Modified Fractional Cascade Controller in Hybrid AGC Incorporating EV.

In this article, a well-known Demand Response (DR) approach is presented as a novel frequency regulation control mechanism in a deregulated environment. Examining how Automatic Generation Control (AGC) in a hybrid restructured power system accounts for the intermittent nature of EVs and Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) is the objective of the research. The Demand Response (DR) is incorporating with hybrid AGC. In addition to two different energy sources thermal and bio plant in each control area, the power system under investigation includes verified real-time nonlinearities, such as boiler dynamics, Governor Dead Band (GDB), and Generation Rate Constraint (GRC). For both scheduled and unscheduled electricity under different contracts, such as poolco, bilateral transaction and contract violation transactions. Three controllers PID, TIDN, and 2DOF(FOPI)-TDN (proposed) are incorporated across a variety of power transform model. The proposed controller is cascade combination of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$2 \text{DOF}(\text{FOPI})$</tex> and TDN controllers. Furthermore, RESs like wind and solar power plants are proposed as case studies with random load. The effectiveness of proposed controller is compared with existing controller. To optimize the various gain parameters of the proposed controller, a modified version of the Opposition based Arithmetic Optimization Techniques (OAOT) has been proposed. Different results and case study analysis has been conducted under poolco-based transactions to verify the suggested controller's resilience and adaptability. The effect of EV is analysis with AGC.