MetaFarm: Toward Solar Smart Farm with Metaverse through Modbus Interworking

Smart farming aims to enhance energy efficiency and optimize resource usage through digital technologies. However, existing systems face limitations in real-time control, immersive visualization, and standards-based interoperability. This paper proposes MetaFarm, a solar-powered smart farm architecture integrating the metaverse with Modbus and oneM2M technologies. Environmental data collected from Arduino-based sensors is stored in the lightweight TinyIoT platform using the oneM2M resource structure. The data is then used to control actuators via Modbus automatically and is simultaneously reflected in a Roblox-based metaverse as a digital twin. Users can intuitively monitor the physical farm and interact with it through the virtual environment. Experimental evaluation confirms a control response time of less than 1 second. Compared to conventional systems, MetaFarm demonstrates improved monitoring accessibility, control efficiency, and user engagement. This study provides empirical validation of metaverse-driven smart agriculture and suggests a scalable and sustainable approach to future farm management.