Optimized Frequency-Modulated MPPT Strategy for Enhanced Performance of $C L^{3} C$ Resonant Converter Converter in PV Systems

This paper introduces an advanced frequencymodulated Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm designed for a <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\mathbf{C} L^{3} \mathbf{C}$</tex> resonant DC-DC converter in photovoltaic (PV) systems. The <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\mathbf{C} L^{3} \mathbf{C}$</tex> topology stands out for its superior efficiency, higher power density, and better MPPT performance compared to traditional LLC and non-isolated converters. As the solar power delivered to the load is a function of switching frequency, the proposed algorithm dynamically adjust the switching frequency that enable the rapid and precise tracking of the maximum power point with reduced power oscillations. Unlike conventional methods, the proposed approach leverages frequency modulation that specially designed for the resonant converters. Further, by enhancing the perturbation and observation (P&O) technique with adaptive step-size adjustments, the algorithm addresses the common trade-off between tracking speed and steady-state oscillations. The validation results confirm that the <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\mathbf{C} L^{3} \mathbf{C}$</tex>-based system outperforms both LLC and non-isolated topologies, delivering higher MPPT and overall conversion efficiency at different irradiance levels. This work underscores the potential of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\mathbf{C} L^{3} \mathbf{C}$</tex> resonant converters to optimize solar power utilization, offering improved stability and energy efficiency in PV applications.