Spontaneous U(1) Symmetry Breaking and Phase Transitions in Rotating Interacting Bose Gases

We investigate spontaneous U(1) symmetry breaking and the associated phase transitions in rotating interacting Bose gases. Using a theoretical framework that combines mean-field analysis with rotational dynamics, we analyze how rigid rotation modifies the condensate structure and critical behavior. The study identifies the emergence of Goldstone modes and clarifies their role in the low-energy excitation spectrum. The results provide insight into the interplay between symmetry, rotation, and many-body interactions, contributing to a deeper theoretical understanding of phase structures in Bose systems.