Decoding Autism: The Role of Synaptic Dysfunction in Neurodevelopment

The human brain is comprised of intricate neuronal networks that comprise approximately 100 trillion synapses, which underpin functional connectivity. Disruptions in these synaptic connections play a fundamental role in several neurological disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). During early development, genes related to ASD, coupled with environmental stressors, effect brain development and neural circuit formation. Genes associated with the structure and functioning of synapses demonstrate a significant prevalence of mutations within individuals diagnosed with ASD. In addition, environmental factors and mitochondrial dysfunction affecting synaptic metabolism also contribute to the pathophysiology of ASD. Understanding the link between synaptic dysfunction and autism symptoms may provide new perspectives for therapeutic approaches. The purpose of the present analysis is to furnish the reader with an overview of the findings pertaining to synaptic dysfunction in ASD.