РЕТРОСПЕКТИВА И СОВРЕМЕННАЯ МЕТОДОЛОГИЯ ТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ: ОТ ПОЛИТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО ДО STEM-ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ

The relevance of the article’s topic is determined by the need to develop technical education in the context of the rapid advancement of science and technology, and is confirmed by the content of the strategic documents of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The article notes the interest of practicing teachers, researchers and scientists in the problem of technical education development, which has been formed over a fairly long historical period, starting from the emergence of the idea of combining training with productive work and its practical implementation by Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, and which persists to the present day. The need to develop interest in technology and work in the younger generation; work skills, technical creativity and thinking, starting from early childhood, enhance the relevance of the study of the historical development and current state of technical education. This article aims to present the findings of a retrospective analysis of the methodology and practice of technical education development, alongside a theoretical examination of its current state and the methodological approaches shaping technical education today. Drawing on the retrospective analysis, the author proposes a periodization of the development of technical education, which is outlined in the paper. The interrelationship and distinctive features of polytechnic and STEM education are examined, and the methodological foundations of STEM education are elaborated.