The Multidimensional Etiology and Prevention of Substance Use Disorders: A Focus on Cannabis Use Disorder

Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD) is a growing global concern, driven by the increasing accessibility and normalization of cannabis use. This review examines the multidimensional etiology of CUD, focusing on the interplay between biological, psychological, and social factors. Biologically, genetic predisposition, neurochemical alterations, and early exposure to high-potency cannabis contribute significantly to addiction risk. Psychologically, comorbid mental health disorders, maladaptive coping mechanisms, and personality traits such as impulsivity amplify susceptibility. Socially, factors including family dynamics, socioeconomic status, and cultural acceptance shape patterns of use, further complicated by the expanding legalization of cannabis worldwide. Prevention strategies must reflect this complexity by integrating evidence- based education, policy reform, and tailored interventions. Early education programs emphasizing the risks of cannabis use, combined with regulatory measures targeting advertising and access, can significantly curb initiation rates. Advances in neuroscience and technology, including personalized risk assessments and digital interventions, offer promising avenues for enhancing prevention and treatment. However, challenges such as disparities in healthcare access, stigma, and the emergence of high-potency cannabis products underscore the need for continued innovation and interdisciplinary collaboration. This review underscores the urgency of addressing CUD through comprehensive, multi-pronged approaches that bridge biological, psychological, and social domains. By fostering prevention strategies rooted in science and inclusivity, the global burden of CUD can be effectively mitigated, promoting healthier communities and public well-being.