Development of Secondary Education in Shusha (late 19th century - early 20th century)

After the independence of Northern Azerbaijan, the objective study of Azerbaijani history and culture became a priority. Within this framework, new scholarly perspectives emerged on the role of schools as foundations of national identity and culture. This article examines the Shusha Realschule, analyzing its role not only as a secondary-practical institution but also as a social, political, and cultural center. Drawing on archival and statistical data, it investigates the necessity of its establishment, organizational structure, financial resources, student composition, subject facilities, and curriculum. A defining characteristic of the school was its focus on technical and applied knowledge, distinguishing it from classical gymnasiums. The study further addresses Tsarist Russia’s discriminatory educational policies, socio-economic barriers faced by Azerbaijani students, and deliberate disruptions of the national-ethnic balance, while underscoring the school’s socio-political function. At the same time, the applied curriculum reflected its alignment with imperial strategy, particularly in language policy. Despite such constraints, the Shusha Realschule significantly contributed to regional development in education, society, and culture.