Tanapox Virus: Emerging Insights into Virology, Ecology, Pathogenesis, and Clinical Management

Tanapox virus (TANV) is a zoonotic pathogen belonging to the genus Yatapoxvirus within the Poxviridae family. First identified in 1957 during outbreaks in the Tana River valley of Kenya, TANV is endemic to equatorial regions of East and Central Africa. Its ecological niche involves non-human primates, likely as natural reservoirs, with mechanical transmission to humans primarily via mosquito vectors. Clinically, TANV causes a self-limiting febrile illness characterized by one or a few localized, nodular skin lesions that resolve without scarring over several weeks. While benign in immunocompetent individuals, its clinical presentation can mimic more severe poxviral diseases, such as monkeypox, necessitating accurate laboratory diagnosis. TANV possesses a large, double-stranded DNA genome with a unique complement of genes, including those encoding immunomodulatory proteins that provide insights into viral immune evasion strategies. This review provides a detailed synthesis of the current understanding of TANV, encompassing its taxonomy, virion structure, genomic organization, replication cycle, and pathogenesis. We further elaborate on its geographical distribution, modes of transmission, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic methods. As no specific antiviral therapy or vaccine exists, management remains supportive, and prevention focuses on vector control and limiting exposure to primate reservoirs. The study of TANV not only addresses a neglected tropical zoonosis but also offers a valuable model for understanding poxvirus evolution, host interactions, and emerging potential.