Altitudinal gradient and its correlation with plant diversity in Daral Valley, Swat in Pakistan using multivariate analysis

Based on the data, it is evident that the altitudinal gradient in Daral Valley, Swat significantly influences plant diversity, with varying biotic and abiotic stresses impacting local flora at different elevations. Lower altitudes experience higher anthropogenic pressures such as deforestation, overgrazing, and collection for medicinal purposes, while higher altitudes faces climate challenges like temperature fluctuations and snowfall. These stressors collectively threaten the sustainability of plant habitats across the gradient. To ensure the preservation of plant diversity, it is crucial to implement targeted conservation measures that address the specific challenges at each altitudinal zone. This will help mitigate anthropogenic interruptions and promote the long-term sustainability of the valley's unique ecosystems.