Associations among smoking status, including the use of cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, and heated cigarettes, periodontal condition, and tooth loss in employed Japanese adults: a cross-sectional study

The use of all cigarette types was significantly associated with poor oral health status. Smokers tended to pay less attention to their oral health, leading to poorer oral hygiene habits and worsening periodontal status. Providing smoking cessation support in workplaces and dental offices is important for maintaining the oral health of occupational adults. Because cross-sectional studies cannot clarify causality or the direction of the association between smoking and oral health status, further longitudinal studies are needed.