Microbiological control for mosquito larvae: Current progress and applications

Entomopathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses, present a promising approach to mosquito control due to their high efficacy, species specificity, and environmental safety. Targeting larval stages is a strategic component of integrated mosquito management, leveraging the accessibility and concentration of immature mosquitoes in aquatic habitats. This review comprehensively examines diverse entomopathogenic larvicides, encompassing their larvicidal molecules, biochemical mechanisms of action, current application strategies, and prevailing challenges. Bacterial agents, notably <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> var. <i>israelensis</i> (Bti) and <i>Lysinibacillus sphaericus</i> (Lbs), remain the most widely deployed. Entomopathogenic fungi and viral pathogens demonstrate potent larvicidal activity, highlighting their significant potential for the development of novel bio-larvicides. Innovative formulation strategies and synergistic combinations of microorganisms with chemical pesticides offer promising avenues for efficacy enhancement. Concurrently, the ongoing isolation and characterization of novel larvicidal microorganisms are crucial for expanding the repertoire of biological control agents. These approaches enhance long-term control sustainability by mitigating resistance development. While challenges persist for large-scale implementation, entomopathogenic microorganisms present a compelling and sustainable pathway for effective mosquito management.