Assessment of serum caveolin-3 levels in patients with heart failure

Serum Cav-3 is elevated in chronic HF and enhances diagnostic discrimination when added to NT-proBNP, but does not independently predict EF after adjustment. These findings support Cav-3 as an adjunctive-rather than stand-alone-biomarker within a multimarker strategy. Prospective multicenter studies should validate reproducibility, define clinically actionable thresholds, and quantify incremental value over natriuretic peptide-based and multimarker baselines.