Determining optimal laser engraving conditions for high-contrast and well-defined engraving on Kapur wood (Dryobalanops) using ImageJ

Laser engraving is widely used in the furniture and souvenir industry to create high-contrast and durable markings on wood surfaces. However, achieving clean, sharp engravings without excessive burning remains a challenge due to the natural variability of wood. This study focuses on Kapur wood (Dryobalanops), a commercially important Southeast Asian hardwood, and aims to determine the optimal laser power and scanning speed settings for producing well-defined engravings. Using historical data of response surface methodology (RSM) and image analysis (ImageJ), the results show that the best engraving quality was achieved at 60 W and 160 mm/s, producing an 88% burn percentage with high contrast and sharp edges. The optimum process parameter was identified within the range power of 30–50 W and scanning speed of 120–200 mm/s, which provided consistently visible engravings with clear contrast. These findings provide practical information for industries using laser engraving, ensuring reliable quality for decorative and functional wooden products.