Farmers' decisions under climate change: A field level empirical investigation of climate risk management strategies

Climate risk management (CRM) strategies are instrumental in reducing climate-induced risks in agriculture. Therefore, this research investigates CRM strategies' adoption, intensity, and influencing factors among Pakistani farm households employing Double Hurdle modeling. Results revealed that farmers extensively adopted crop diversification and crop-livestock-integrated farming, followed by improved crop varieties and minimum tillage strategies to manage climate risks. Moreover, socioeconomic and institutional factors and risk perception of heavy rains, floods, and droughts significantly influenced the adoption of CRM strategies. The study emphasizes strengthening farmers' education, information access, and risk awareness to promote CRM adoption and ensure resilient agriculture under climate risks.