Study on the extraction of hydroxyapatite from tilapia bones (<i>Oreochromis niloticus</i>)

In this study, hydroxyapatite (HAp) was successfully extracted from tilapia bones (Oreochromis niloticus). X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed characteristic peaks corresponding to HAp, indicating high phase purity. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the presence of phosphate (PO43-), hydroxyl (OH-), and carbonate (CO32-) groups. A notable reduction in absorption bands related to organic matter and carbonate groups was observed following calcination at 700 °C for 3 hours. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) identified calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), oxygen (O), and carbon (C), with a Ca/P molar ratio of approximately 1.80, which is indicative of type B HAp. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images show that the sample after calcination has a porous structure and agglomerated particles. Furthermore, potentiometric titration determined the calcium content to be 36.24%. These findings demonstrate that tilapia bone is an inexpensive, eco-friendly, and viable raw material for the production of hydroxyapatite, with potential applications in biomedical and nutraceutical fields.