A Brief Overview of Türkiye Earthquake: Evidence of Higher Peak Ground Acceleration

In February 2023, a devastating earthquake sequence struck southern Tü rkiye, marking one of the most destructive seismic disasters in the region’s modern history. The MW 7.8 mainshock, followed by several large aftershocks, produced catastrophic consequences, including extensive structural collapse, widespread ground failure, and severe liquefaction that collectively left millions displaced and caused tens of thousands of fatalities. The extraordinary intensity of the shaking was reflected in the recorded ground motion parameters, particularly spectral accelerations, which significantly exceeded the design thresholds stipulated in the Turkish Earthquake Code (2018). Such exceedances provide critical insights into the limitations of existing design provisions and underscore the urgent need to revisit seismic hazard and risk assessments. Field investigations documented severe manifestations of liquefaction, lateral spreading, and ground subsidence, especially in Holocene sedimentary basins where loose, water‑saturated soils amplified shaking and induced ground instability. Structural surveys further revealed recurring vulnerabilities in the built environment, including weak or soft‑story configurations, non‑ductile reinforcement, and inadequate foundation practices, all of which amplified damage levels. The disaster highlights the urgent need for stricter enforcement of seismic building codes, the integration of resilient design methodologies, and the deployment of technologies such as base isolation systems and energy‑dissipating devices to enhance structural safety. In addition, systematic performance audits and proactive urban planning are recommended to mitigate similar future catastrophes. This study integrates geological evidence with engineering perspectives, offering targeted strategies to strengthen earthquake preparedness and foster long‑term urban resilience across Tü rkiye’s high‑risk seismic zones.