Impact of chronic hypoxia on spermatogenesis

Chronic hypoxia profoundly impairs male fertility and spermatogenesis. This review synthesizes the mechanisms through which sustained hypoxic exposure degrades semen quality, sperm production, and overall male reproductive function. Evidence indicates that chronic hypoxia directly damages testicular germ cells, reducing sperm count and compromising sperm DNA integrity, apoptosis, and autophagy. It also disrupts the secretion of sex hormones, thereby severely affecting male fertility. In addition, chronic hypoxia-induced oxidative stress is a key factor influencing sperm quality and vitality. Collectively, these findings provide a scientific basis for assessing the risks of chronic hypoxia on male reproductive health and for developing effective therapies to mitigate its impact and safeguard male fertility.