Motifs and Ornamentations of Erzurum Seljuk Madrasas in the Context of Intercultural Interaction

Throughout history, cultural and artistic activities in various civilizations have been shaped by the unique lifestyles of societies and transmitted across generations. The data transferred through trade routes and economic relations, migration and population movements, empires, wars and alliances, the spread of religions, as well as scientific and artistic interactions, have both influenced and been influenced by other civilizations. One of the states where these interactions were intensely experienced due to its vast territories hosting diverse ethnic, religious, and cultural groups was the Seljuk Empire. The Seljuks synthesized the art, architecture, and culture of various civilizations, including Byzantine, Persian, Arab, Central Asian, and Armenian traditions. By adapting the motifs, ornamentations, and construction techniques of these cultures to their own aesthetic principles, they created a unique architectural language. Situated in a strategic location, Erzurum was an important part of the Seljuks' dominance in Anatolia. The historical caravanserais, madrasas, and tombs in Erzurum reflect the Seljuk architectural techniques, ornamentation styles, and motifs, showcasing their interactions with both local cultures and other Islamic and non-Islamic civilizations. One of the most renowned Seljuk-era structures in Erzurum, Çifte Minareli Madrasah, is regarded as a symbol of the city. Although Yakutiye Madrasah was constructed during the Ilkhanid period, it still exhibits the influence and architectural style of Seljuk art. This study aims to examine these influences in terms of motifs and ornamentations through an analysis of these two madrasas in Erzurum. By comparing and analyzing the motifs and ornamentations found in Seljuk architecture with those of different cultures, the study seeks to highlight the cultural interactions embedded within these structures. Ultimately, the study aims to identify the influences of various cultures through the motifs and ornamentations of Çifte Minareli and Yakutiye Madrasas. It further seeks to explore how these interactions contribute to the identity of the structures and to cultural sustainability.