High-resolution spectroscopy of barium monofluoride: Odd isotopologues, hyperfine structure, and isotope shifts

Barium monofluoride (BaF) is a promising molecular species for precision tests of fundamental symmetries and interactions. We present a combined theoretical and experimental study of BaF spectra and isotope shifts, focusing in particular on the poorly understood odd isotopologues <a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><a:mrow><a:mrow/><a:mmultiscripts><a:mi>BaF</a:mi><a:mprescripts/><a:none/><a:mn>137</a:mn></a:mmultiscripts></a:mrow></a:math> and <b:math xmlns:b="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><b:mrow><b:mrow/><b:mmultiscripts><b:mi>BaF</b:mi><b:mprescripts/><b:none/><b:mn>135</b:mn></b:mmultiscripts></b:mrow></b:math>. By comparing state-of-the-art calculations with high-resolution fluorescence and absorption spectroscopy data, we provide a benchmark for electronic structure theory and disentangle the hyperfine and rovibrational spectra of the five most abundant isotopologues, from <c:math xmlns:c="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><c:mrow><c:mrow/><c:mmultiscripts><c:mi>BaF</c:mi><c:mprescripts/><c:none/><c:mn>138</c:mn></c:mmultiscripts></c:mrow></c:math> to <d:math xmlns:d="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><d:mrow><d:mrow/><d:mmultiscripts><d:mi>BaF</d:mi><d:mprescripts/><d:none/><d:mn>134</d:mn></d:mmultiscripts></d:mrow></d:math>. The comprehensive knowledge gained enables a King plot analysis of the isotope shifts that reveals the odd-even staggering of the barium nuclear charge radii. It also paths the way for improved laser cooling of rare BaF isotopologues and crucially supports future measurements of nuclear anapole and Schiff moments.