Development of Automatic Solar Panel Drive System Based on Arduino Uno

Low energy absorption efficiency in static solar panels remains a key challenge for renewable energy implementation in Indonesia. This study aims to develop and evaluate an automatic solar panel drive system based on Arduino Uno, integrating an RTC module and INA219 sensor to optimize panel orientation according to real-time sun position. The methodology involved designing a prototype system consisting of a 10 Wp solar panel, SG90 servo motor, RTC DS3231 module, and INA219 sensor, tested outdoors under light intensity ranging from 800 to 1000 lux. Experimental results showed that the automatic system increased average voltage output to 13.9 V and enhanced energy capture by 6-12% compared to static panels under clear sky conditions. Usability assessments using the System Usability Scale indicated that the system was rated as highly effective and practical at the prototype stage. The novelty of this research lies in the integration of RTC-based time scheduling with servo motor control, offering a stable, low-cost alternative to LDR-based systems for photovoltaic optimization in tropical environments. The developed system has potential for broader implementation to improve solar panel efficiency, though further studies are recommended to validate performance over longer durations and diverse weather conditions