A VR-Based Trauma Nursing Education Program for Clinical Nurses: Integrating Jeffries’ Model and the 5E Learning Cycle

The VR-based trauma nursing education program, designed using Jeffries' simulation model and the 5E Learning Cycle, enhanced trauma-related knowledge and confidence among clinical nurses. Although no between-group difference was found for emergency nursing competency, the findings provide foundational evidence supporting the use of VR-based interventions to advance emergency and critical care nursing education.