Evaluation of Groundwater Characteristics Around Bonoloyo Public Cemetery, Surakarta: Residential Distance and Septic Tank

Groundwater quality near burial sites is an overlooked source of microbial contamination. Decomposition processes can release pathogens, yet little is known about their impact in Indonesia. We examined groundwater around Bonoloyo public cemetery, collecting two samples inside and three outside the cemetery, with an average distance of 81.6 m from residential septic tanks and graves. Physical, chemical, and biological parameters were assessed alongside secondary data on well depth, elevation, and distances from contamination sources. All samples exceeded the permissible coliform limit set by the Indonesian Ministry of Health Regulation ( Permenkes ) No. 32/2017, and two samples tested positive for E. coli . These findings indicate that groundwater in the study area is not safe for direct consumption. The results highlight an urgent need for local health authorities to promote preventive measures such as boiling or chlorination before household use.