From blue November to broader diagnosis: The Youden index to evaluate the performance of any diagnostic tests

PSA seems insufficient for effective prostate cancer screening, despite numerous efforts over decades claiming improvements in sensitivity, specificity, or diagnostic capability. However, the statistical method presented here can be applied to any symptom, sign, or laboratory test, current or future. By providing open-source code, the authors aim to bridge the gap between statistical methods and their practical application, improving diagnostic processes. The R package and other supplemental materials to replicate this study are available on Harvard Dataverse at https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/5QTMBW.