Temporalis muscle flap in craniofacial reconstruction: anatomy, techniques, outcomes, and innovations

TMF remains a versatile, robust, and highly reliable reconstructive option within modern craniofacial surgery. Anatomical knowledge, meticulous surgical technique, and incorporation of emerging adjunctive technologies significantly enhance outcomes while minimizing morbidity. Continued research into minimally invasive techniques, regenerative medicine, functional restoration through advanced nerve transfers, and secondary refinement procedures is essential to further improve clinical efficacy, patient satisfaction, and overall quality of life.