Survey on Smart Water Management System

Water scarcity has emerged as one of the most pressing global issues, with over 2 billion people currently lacking access to safe drinking water. By 2050, water demand is expected to rise by 20–30%, posing severe challenges for governments, industries, and communities worldwide. Traditional water management practices are reactive, labor-intensive, and inefficient, resulting in wastage, energy overuse, and inadequate monitoring of water quality. To overcome these issues, Smart Water Management Systems (SWMS) have emerged as an IoT-driven solution, integrating real-time sensors, wireless communication, cloud platforms, and analytics . These systems enable continuous monitoring, automatic pump control, leakage detection, and quality assessment. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of SWMS, covering their layered architecture, major research contributions, and global implementations. Case studies from the United States, Singapore, and India demonstrate the effectiveness of IoT-based frameworks in reducing wastage and improving efficiency . The paper also discusses future directions including Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), blockchain integration, and digital twins . Findings suggest that SWMS can play a critical role in achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation).