Populism and the China question: implications for EU foreign policymaking

Abstract This paper explores how rising European populism affects EU-China relations after the 2024 elections. It maps the ideological diversity of populist actors, identifies plausible 2025–2029 pathways, and sets out targeted actions for EU policymakers to engage populist actors with the goal to improve EU’s strategic coherence and firmness, and paradoxically, bring it closer to what many Europeans prioritize.