Graphene synthesis via ultrasonic exfoliation: the influence of exfoliation time to obtain multilayer graphene

Graphene, a single layer of carbon atoms in a hexagonal lattice, possesses exceptional electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties, making it highly promising for various technologies. This study focuses on optimizing liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE), a top-down method valued for its versatility and potential for scalable production of high-quality graphene. The research found that the duration of ultrasonic sonication is a critical factor. Performance improved gradually, with a maximum yield of 6.4% achieved after 30 minutes. Analysis showed this process produced multilayer graphene. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images revealed that longer sonication caused more intense exfoliation, resulting in thinner sheets. This was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy, which classified the material as multilayer graphene. The key conclusion is that a 30-minute exfoliation time produces multilayer graphene, while longer, controlled periods can generate materials with even fewer layers and only moderate defects. This work presents a simplified, low-cost LPE protocol using (sodium dodecyl sulfate) and an ethanol/water mixture as co-solvents. It successfully demonstrates controlled layer reduction and improved exfoliation efficiency, offering a direct contribution towards viable and scalable graphene production.