Revisiting the Origin of the Universe and the Arrow of Time

In this paper, we reconsider two long-standing yet unsolved problems: the origin of the universe and the arrow of time. We show that only a closed universe is free from singularities and that the arrow of time is symmetric with respect to the universe’s maximum scale. The Wheeler–DeWitt equation is explicitly solved to obtain local dynamical times. It is shown that the thermodynamic arrow of time coincides with both the dynamical time and the cosmological (expanding universe) time. This correspondence is explicitly demonstrated in two-dimensional spacetime.