From Enrollment to Graduation: Pathways to Success in STEM Programs in Ibero-American Countries

STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics) programs hold significant social and economic relevance, as the technological innovation that sustains a country’s competitiveness depends on them. This article compares research on STEM programs in Portuguese- and Spanish-speaking countries, specifically Brazil, Chile, Portugal, and Spain. More specifically, it aims to reflect on the social and economic relevance of STEM programs; vocational choices and the social stereotypes associated with these fields; the variables that influence academic success, retention, and graduation rates; and the measures implemented, either nationally or by Higher Education Institutions (HEIs), to promote access and success in these programs. We conducted qualitative research, analyzing official documents and peer-reviewed articles that describe the higher education landscape in the selected countries. Results show that in all four countries studied, there is a growing demand for STEM graduates. However, concerns remain about high dropout and failure rates, as well as the lower participation of women and students from disadvantaged socioeconomic backgrounds or ethnic minorities. Some measures have been implemented by the governments of these countries to promote greater democratization of access and academic success for these students. Nevertheless, inequalities persist, suggesting the need to increase investment in practices and policies that encourage young people, especially those from more disadvantaged groups, to engage early in STEM domains.