Advanced characterization of ambient-cured geopolymer paste with delithiated β-Spodumene: effect of Na2SiO3–to–NaOH ratio on performance and microstructure

Abstract Delithiated β -spodumene (D β S), an industrial by-product from lithium refining, has demonstrated potential for enhancing mechanical properties of geopolymers due to its pozzolanic characteristics. Understanding the behavior of D β S-based geopolymer paste at different alkaline activator ratios from a microstructural perspective provides critical insights into the potential suitability of D β S for geopolymer mortar and concrete. This research evaluates the influence of varying Na 2 SiO 3 –to–NaOH ratios on the compressive strength and microstructural attributes of geopolymer paste made with 25% D β S and 75% fly ash. The findings reveal that the paste made with D β S and fly ash exhibits the maximum compressive strength at a Na 2 SiO 3 –to–NaOH ratio of 2, similar to that of the paste made with only fly ash. The generation of the amorphous sodium aluminosilicate hydrate phase is enhanced with increasing Na 2 SiO 3 –to–NaOH ratios. The highest amount of the sodium aluminosilicate hydrate phase formation in the D β S/fly ash and fly ash pastes occurs at ratios of 2 and 2.25, respectively. The findings of this study provide an insight to incorporate D β S as an alternative to FA in geopolymer binders and suggest the optimal alkaline ratio range for use in geopolymer mortar and concrete. This strategy not only enhances geopolymer properties but also mitigates the environmental issue of D β S disposal of in landfill.