VHE γ-ray observations of bright BL Lacs with the Large-Sized Telescope prototype (LST-1) of the CTAO
ABSTRACT Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO) is the next-generation ground-based $\gamma$-ray observatory operating in the energy range from $20\, \mathrm{GeV}$ up to $300\, \mathrm{TeV}$, with two sites in La Palma (Spain) and Paranal (Chile). It will consist of telescopes of three sizes, covering different parts of the large energy range. We report on the performance of Large-Sized Telescope prototype (LST-1) in the detection and characterization of extragalactic $\gamma$-ray sources, with a focus on the reconstructed $\gamma$-ray spectra and variability of classical bright BL Lacertae objects, which were observed during the early commissioning phase of the instrument. LST-1 data from known bright $\gamma$-ray blazars – Markarian 421, Markarian 501, 1ES 1959+650, 1ES 0647+250, and PG 1553 + 113 – were collected between 2020 July 10, and 2022 May 23, covering a zenith angle range of 4$^\circ$ to 57$^\circ$. The reconstructed light curves were analysed using a Bayesian block algorithm to distinguish the different activity phases of each blazar. Simultaneous Fermi-LAT data were utilized to reconstruct the broad-band $\gamma$-ray spectra for the sources during each activity phase. High-level reconstructed data in a format compatible with gammapy are provided together with measured light curves and spectral energy distributions (SEDs) for several bright blazars and an interpretation of the observed variability in long and short time-scales. Simulations of historical flares are generated to evaluate the sensitivity of LST-1. This work represents the first milestone in monitoring bright BL Lacertae objects with a CTAO telescope.
Authors
- M. Linhoff (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7993-8189)
- Patrick Günther (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9135-7819)
- M. Seglar-Arroyo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8654-409X)
- A. K. H. Kong (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5105-344X)
- J. Sitarek (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1659-5374)
- S. Gallozzi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4456-9875)
- K. Nishijima (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1830-4251)
- Matteo Balbo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6556-3344)
- Pedro L. Luque‐Escamilla (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3306-9456)
- O. Blanch (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8380-1633)
- O. Kalashev (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7982-1842)
- R. Walter (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2362-4433)
- F. Schüßler (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1500-6571)
- Irene Burelli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8383-2202)
- Masahiro Hashizume (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4720-1750)
- Georgios Gerasimos Voutsinas
- P. Bordas (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0266-8536)
- Marine Pihet (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4691-3866)
- T Itokawa
- E. Bissaldi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9935-8106)
- Gabriele Panebianco (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-8613)
- E. Molina (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1204-5516)
- H. Muraishi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3054-5725)
- Francesco Gabriele Saturni (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1946-7706)
- Gabriel Emery (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6155-4742)
- Michael Dellaiera (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5221-0240)
- M. Martı́nez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9763-9155)
- Alvaro Mas-Aguilar (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8893-9009)
- C. Bigongiari (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3293-8522)
- Juliane van Scherpenberg (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6173-867X)
- Dalibor Nosek (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6219-200X)
- Yoshiki Ohtani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7042-4958)
- Mathieu de Bony de Lavergne (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4650-1666)
- S. Abe (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7250-3596)
- P. Temnikov (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9559-3384)
- H. Tajima (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1721-7252)
- Dušan Mandát (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7748-7468)
- Gonzalo Rodriguez Fernandez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4683-230X)
- Hidetoshi Sano (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2062-5692)
- Kazunori Kohri (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3764-8612)
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- Ivana Batković (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1209-2542)
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- Mario Pecimotika (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4699-1845)
- Ambra Di Piano (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9894-7491)
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- D. Dorner
- R. Del Burgo
- G. Chon (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1032-1970)
- Dominik Elsässer
- I. Agudo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3777-6182)
- F. Longo
- M Cardillo
- D Gasparrini
- F. Giordano (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8219-2581)
- M. Dalchenko (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0137-136X)
- D. Hadasch (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8663-6461)
- H. Costantini (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4027-3081)
- M. Iarlori
- L. Barrios Jiménez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6006-175X)
- J Wójtowicz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5029-0196)
- T. Yoshida (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9947-6732)
- Katherine C. Cheng
- K. Abe
- Muneaki Mizote
- D. Hui
- P. Aubert
- T. Tavernier
- T Mizuno
- M. Chikawa
- Ia. Bezshyiko
- Giovanni Domenico De Palma (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7474-7180)
- Miroslav Hrabovský
- M. Vázquez Acosta (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2409-9792)
- Bastien Lacave
- H. Luciani
- J. Méndez-Gallego (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6222-5813)
- G. Borkowski (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1350-8981)
- M. Iori (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1302-9094)
- L. Nikolić (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8365-6701)
- Dimitrios K. Maniadakis
- J. Jahanvi
- F Tramonti
- A. Cerviño Cortínez
- F. Frías García-Lago
Institutions
- University of Siena (IT)
- Yamagata University (JP)
- Hiroshima University (JP)
- University of Geneva (CH)
- University of Rome Tor Vergata (IT)
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ES)
- Obayashi (Japan) (JP)
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid (ES)
- University of Udine (IT)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Aoyama Gakuin University (JP)
- Tokai University (JP)
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (JP)
- University of Rijeka (HR)
- University of Turku (FI)
- Universidad de La Laguna (ES)
- Universität Hamburg (DE)
- Chiba University (JP)
- Konan University (JP)
- Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics (IN)
- Institute for High Energy Physics (ES)
- Universidad de Alcalá (ES)
- Universidad de Jaén (ES)
- Chungnam National University (KR)
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (IN)
- TU Dortmund University (DE)
- Czech Academy of Sciences (CZ)
- Université Paris Cité (FR)
- Charles University (CZ)
- Aix-Marseille Université (FR)
- Kyoto University (JP)
- University of Würzburg (DE)
- University of L'Aquila (IT)
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (FR)
- Université Paris-Saclay (FR)
- Laboratoire d’Annecy de Physique des Particules (FR)
- Astronomical Observatory of Rome (IT)
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Astronomical Institute (CZ)
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KR)
- Laboratoire AstroParticule et Cosmologie (FR)
- Brera Astronomical Observatory (IT)
- Kaichi International University (JP)
- Machine Intelligence Research Institute (US)
- University of Łódź (PL)
- Sorbonne Université (FR)
- Osservatorio astronomico di Bologna (IT)
- Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation (FR)
- Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Bologna (IT)
- Sendai National College of Technology (JP)
- Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (ES)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino (IT)
- Institute of Particle Physics (CA)
- Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology (IT)
- Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics (DE)
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (FR)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova (IT)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli (IT)
- RIKEN (JP)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari (IT)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Roma Tor Vergata (IT)
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (JP)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania (IT)
- Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy (BG)
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas (BR)
- Universidad del Azuay (EC)
- CEA Paris-Saclay (FR)
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (ES)
- Astronomical Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences (SK)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (DE)
- Port d'Informació Científica (ES)
- Gran Sasso Science Institute (IT)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste (IT)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I (IT)
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (ES)
- Institute of Physics of the Slovak Academy of Sciences (SK)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa (IT)
- Institut de Recherche sur les Lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (FR)
- Gifu University (JP)
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (CH)
- University of Osijek (HR)
- University of Turin (IT)
- Nagoya University (JP)
- Ibaraki University (JP)
- Kitasato University (JP)
- Polytechnic University of Bari (IT)
- Palacký University Olomouc (CZ)
- Université Savoie Mont Blanc (FR)
- Universitat de Barcelona (ES)
- Saitama University (JP)
- The University of Tokyo (JP)
- Clemson University (US)
- Tokyo International University (JP)
- University of Palermo (IT)
- Ruhr University Bochum (DE)
- Tokushima University (JP)
- University of Split (HR)
- University of Bologna (IT)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2025-10-09
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf1728
- Primary Topic
- Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00
Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Comunidad de Madrid
- Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades
- Centres de Recerca de Catalunya
- European Commission
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung
- Generalitat de Catalunya
- Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación
- Junta de Andalucía
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
- Staatssekretariat für Bildung, Forschung und Innovation
- Agencia Estatal de Investigación