Antimicrobial stewardship in pig production: regulatory frameworks and strategic implementation

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical global health challenge that demands an integrated approach through the establishment and implementation of antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) plans in human and veterinary medicine. This paper reviews the regulatory frameworks, strategic implementation, and practical guidelines for AMS plans in pig farming in order to combat AMR. It highlights key principles such as responsibility, reduction, replacement, refinement, and review, and examines how these principles can be applied to reduce antimicrobial use, prevent AMR, and optimize animal health. Furthermore, the role of international and national regulations is discussed in relation to AMS, includ- ing those from the European Union, World Health Organization (WHO), and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Effective strategies are explored for reducing antimicrobial consumption, improving biosecurity, and promoting alternatives to antimicrobials, such as vaccines and probiotics. The paper emphasizes the need for ongoing monitoring, transparent reporting, and staff education, to ensure the sustainability of AMS efforts in pig production. Ultimately, the integration of AMS into pig farming practices is presented as essential for maintaining the efficacy of antimicrobials and mitigating the risks posed by AMR.