The effect of the number of NACA 4412 airfoil blades on the performance of a horizontal axis wind turbine

This work reports an experimental investigation of the effect of blade number on the performance of a small-scale horizontal-axis wind turbine (HAWT) using NACA 4412 airfoil blades. Two turbine prototypes (one with 7 blades and one with 9 blades) were fabricated and tested under controlled wind speeds (3.4–6.0 m/s). The turbine outputs were measured using INA219 current/voltage sensors and a TCRT5000 rotations per minute (RPM) sensor interfaced to an Arduino-based system for real-time data acquisition. Results show that the 9-blade turbine consistently generated higher electrical power and achieved a higher power coefficient than the 7-blade design. For example, at 3.4 m/s the 7-blade turbine produced about 0.0297 W versus 0.0471 W for the 9-blade turbine. The peak power coefficient reached ≈0.198 for the 9-blade rotor (vs. ≈0.195 for 7 blades) at the same wind speed. Sensor calibration indicated high accuracy (errors 1.2%), confirming the reliability of the measurements. These findings suggest that, for the tested design, increasing the number of blades improves small-HAWT performance. The developed wireless monitoring system and experimental results provide guidance for optimizing blade count in future small turbine designs.