Simulation of muon-induced backgrounds for the Colorado Underground Research Institute

We present a comprehensive Monte Carlo simulation of muon-induced backgrounds for the Colorado Underground Research Institute, a shallow-underground facility with <a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <a:mrow> <a:mo>≈</a:mo> <a:mn>415</a:mn> <a:mtext> </a:mtext> <a:mtext> </a:mtext> <a:mi mathvariant="normal">meter water equivalent</a:mi> </a:mrow> </a:math> overburden. Using coupled and 4 frameworks, we characterize the production and transport of muon-induced secondaries through site-specific rock compositions and geometries, establishing a proof of concept for high-precision, end-to-end simulations. Our simulations employ angular-dependent muon energy distributions, which improve secondary flux accuracy. For the Subatomic Particle Hideout and Cryolab I research spaces, we predict total muon-induced neutron fluxes of <d:math xmlns:d="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <d:mrow> <d:mo stretchy="false">(</d:mo> <d:mn>8.52</d:mn> <d:mo>±</d:mo> <d:mn>1.3</d:mn> <d:msub> <d:mrow> <d:mn>0</d:mn> </d:mrow> <d:mrow> <d:mi>sys</d:mi> </d:mrow> </d:msub> <d:mo stretchy="false">)</d:mo> <d:mo>×</d:mo> <d:msup> <d:mrow> <d:mn>10</d:mn> </d:mrow> <d:mrow> <d:mo>−</d:mo> <d:mn>3</d:mn> </d:mrow> </d:msup> <d:mtext> </d:mtext> <d:mtext> </d:mtext> <d:msup> <d:mrow> <d:mi mathvariant="normal">m</d:mi> </d:mrow> <d:mrow> <d:mo>−</d:mo> <d:mn>2</d:mn> </d:mrow> </d:msup> <d:mtext> </d:mtext> <d:msup> <d:mrow> <d:mi mathvariant="normal">s</d:mi> </d:mrow> <d:mrow> <d:mo>−</d:mo> <d:mn>1</d:mn> </d:mrow> </d:msup> </d:mrow> </d:math> and <j:math xmlns:j="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <j:mrow> <j:mo stretchy="false">(</j:mo> <j:mn>8.86</j:mn> <j:mo>±</j:mo> <j:mn>1.6</j:mn> <j:msub> <j:mrow> <j:mn>2</j:mn> </j:mrow> <j:mrow> <j:mi>sys</j:mi> </j:mrow> </j:msub> <j:mo stretchy="false">)</j:mo> <j:mo>×</j:mo> <j:msup> <j:mrow> <j:mn>10</j:mn> </j:mrow> <j:mrow> <j:mo>−</j:mo> <j:mn>3</j:mn> </j:mrow> </j:msup> <j:mtext> </j:mtext> <j:mtext> </j:mtext> <j:msup> <j:mrow> <j:mi mathvariant="normal">m</j:mi> </j:mrow> <j:mrow> <j:mo>−</j:mo> <j:mn>2</j:mn> </j:mrow> </j:msup> <j:mtext> </j:mtext> <j:msup> <j:mrow> <j:mi mathvariant="normal">s</j:mi> </j:mrow> <j:mrow> <j:mo>−</j:mo> <j:mn>1</j:mn> </j:mrow> </j:msup> </j:mrow> </j:math> , respectively. Electromagnetic backgrounds are expected to dominate the total flux, with <p:math xmlns:p="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <p:mi>γ</p:mi> </p:math> -ray components of <r:math xmlns:r="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <r:mrow> <r:mo stretchy="false">(</r:mo> <r:mn>5.54</r:mn> <r:mo>±</r:mo> <r:mn>0.7</r:mn> <r:msub> <r:mrow> <r:mn>0</r:mn> </r:mrow> <r:mrow> <r:mi>sys</r:mi> </r:mrow> </r:msub> <r:mo stretchy="false">)</r:mo> <r:mo>×</r:mo> <r:msup> <r:mrow> <r:mn>10</r:mn> </r:mrow> <r:mrow> <r:mo>−</r:mo> <r:mn>1</r:mn> </r:mrow> </r:msup> <r:mtext> </r:mtext> <r:mtext> </r:mtext> <r:msup> <r:mrow> <r:mi mathvariant="normal">m</r:mi> </r:mrow> <r:mrow> <r:mo>−</r:mo> <r:mn>2</r:mn> </r:mrow> </r:msup> <r:mtext> </r:mtext> <r:msup> <r:mrow> <r:mi mathvariant="normal">s</r:mi> </r:mrow> <r:mrow> <r:mo>−</r:mo> <r:mn>1</r:mn> </r:mrow> </r:msup> </r:mrow> </r:math> and <x:math xmlns:x="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <x:mrow> <x:mo stretchy="false">(</x:mo> <x:mn>6.51</x:mn> <x:mo>±</x:mo> <x:mn>1.0</x:mn> <x:msub> <x:mrow> <x:mn>6</x:mn> </x:mrow> <x:mrow> <x:mi>sys</x:mi> </x:mrow> </x:msub> <x:mo stretchy="false">)</x:mo> <x:mo>×</x:mo> <x:msup> <x:mrow> <x:mn>10</x:mn> </x:mrow> <x:mrow> <x:mo>−</x:mo> <x:mn>1</x:mn> </x:mrow> </x:msup> <x:mtext> </x:mtext> <x:mtext> </x:mtext> <x:msup> <x:mrow> <x:mi mathvariant="normal">m</x:mi> </x:mrow> <x:mrow> <x:mo>−</x:mo> <x:mn>2</x:mn> </x:mrow> </x:msup> <x:mtext> </x:mtext> <x:msup> <x:mrow> <x:mi mathvariant="normal">s</x:mi> </x:mrow> <x:mrow> <x:mo>−</x:mo> <x:mn>1</x:mn> </x:mrow> </x:msup> </x:mrow> </x:math> for the Subatomic Particle Hideout and Cryolab I facilities, respectively. Additionally, we develop a depth-intensity relation to predict the muon-induced neutron flux as a function of facility depth, which is consistent with measurements across a broad range of underground depths. These results provide quantitative background predictions for experimental design and sensitivity projections at shallow- and deep-underground facilities. They further demonstrate that local geology and overburden geometry influence muon-induced secondary yields and energy spectra, emphasizing the need for site-specific simulations for accurate underground background characterization. Therefore, the simulation framework has been made pu

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Physical review. D/Physical review. D.
Published
2026-01-22
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1103/7n8l-pr2g
Primary Topic
Muon and positron interactions and applications
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article
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article

Simulation of muon-induced backgrounds for the Colorado Underground Research Institute

Dakota K. Keblbeck, Uwe Greife, W. Van De Pontseele, K. G. Leach et al.
Physical review. D/Physical review. D.
Muon and positron interactions and applications
article

Simulation of muon-induced backgrounds for the Colorado Underground Research Institute

Dakota K. Keblbeck, Uwe Greife, W. Van De Pontseele, K. G. Leach, Caitlyn Stone-Whitehead, Eric William Mayotte, G.J. Wagner, Luke Wanner
article en

Abstract

We present a comprehensive Monte Carlo simulation of muon-induced backgrounds for the Colorado Underground Research Institute, a shallow-underground facility with <a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <a:mrow> <a:mo>≈</a:mo> <a:mn>415</a:mn> <a:mtext> </a:mtext> <a:mtext> </a:mtext> <a:mi mathvariant="normal">meter water equivalent</a:mi> </a:mrow> </a:math> overburden. Using coupled and 4 frameworks, we characterize the production and transport of muon-induced secondaries through site-specific rock compositions and geometries, establishing a proof of concept for high-precision, end-to-end simulations. Our simulations employ angular-dependent muon energy distributions, which improve secondary flux accuracy. For the Subatomic Particle Hideout and Cryolab I research spaces, we predict total muon-induced neutron fluxes of <d:math xmlns:d="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <d:mrow> <d:mo stretchy="false">(</d:mo> <d:mn>8.52</d:mn> <d:mo>±</d:mo> <d:mn>1.3</d:mn> <d:msub> <d:mrow> <d:mn>0</d:mn> </d:mrow> <d:mrow> <d:mi>sys</d:mi> </d:mrow> </d:msub> <d:mo stretchy="false">)</d:mo> <d:mo>×</d:mo> <d:msup> <d:mrow> <d:mn>10</d:mn> </d:mrow> <d:mrow> <d:mo>−</d:mo> <d:mn>3</d:mn> </d:mrow> </d:msup> <d:mtext> </d:mtext> <d:mtext> </d:mtext> <d:msup> <d:mrow> <d:mi mathvariant="normal">m</d:mi> </d:mrow> <d:mrow> <d:mo>−</d:mo> <d:mn>2</d:mn> </d:mrow> </d:msup> <d:mtext> </d:mtext> <d:msup> <d:mrow> <d:mi mathvariant="normal">s</d:mi> </d:mrow> <d:mrow> <d:mo>−</d:mo> <d:mn>1</d:mn> </d:mrow> </d:msup> </d:mrow> </d:math> and <j:math xmlns:j="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <j:mrow> <j:mo stretchy="false">(</j:mo> <j:mn>8.86</j:mn> <j:mo>±</j:mo> <j:mn>1.6</j:mn> <j:msub> <j:mrow> <j:mn>2</j:mn> </j:mrow> <j:mrow> <j:mi>sys</j:mi> </j:mrow> </j:msub> <j:mo stretchy="false">)</j:mo> <j:mo>×</j:mo> <j:msup> <j:mrow> <j:mn>10</j:mn> </j:mrow> <j:mrow> <j:mo>−</j:mo> <j:mn>3</j:mn> </j:mrow> </j:msup> <j:mtext> </j:mtext> <j:mtext> </j:mtext> <j:msup> <j:mrow> <j:mi mathvariant="normal">m</j:mi> </j:mrow> <j:mrow> <j:mo>−</j:mo> <j:mn>2</j:mn> </j:mrow> </j:msup> <j:mtext> </j:mtext> <j:msup> <j:mrow> <j:mi mathvariant="normal">s</j:mi> </j:mrow> <j:mrow> <j:mo>−</j:mo> <j:mn>1</j:mn> </j:mrow> </j:msup> </j:mrow> </j:math> , respectively. Electromagnetic backgrounds are expected to dominate the total flux, with <p:math xmlns:p="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <p:mi>γ</p:mi> </p:math> -ray components of <r:math xmlns:r="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <r:mrow> <r:mo stretchy="false">(</r:mo> <r:mn>5.54</r:mn> <r:mo>±</r:mo> <r:mn>0.7</r:mn> <r:msub> <r:mrow> <r:mn>0</r:mn> </r:mrow> <r:mrow> <r:mi>sys</r:mi> </r:mrow> </r:msub> <r:mo stretchy="false">)</r:mo> <r:mo>×</r:mo> <r:msup> <r:mrow> <r:mn>10</r:mn> </r:mrow> <r:mrow> <r:mo>−</r:mo> <r:mn>1</r:mn> </r:mrow> </r:msup> <r:mtext> </r:mtext> <r:mtext> </r:mtext> <r:msup> <r:mrow> <r:mi mathvariant="normal">m</r:mi> </r:mrow> <r:mrow> <r:mo>−</r:mo> <r:mn>2</r:mn> </r:mrow> </r:msup> <r:mtext> </r:mtext> <r:msup> <r:mrow> <r:mi mathvariant="normal">s</r:mi> </r:mrow> <r:mrow> <r:mo>−</r:mo> <r:mn>1</r:mn> </r:mrow> </r:msup> </r:mrow> </r:math> and <x:math xmlns:x="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <x:mrow> <x:mo stretchy="false">(</x:mo> <x:mn>6.51</x:mn> <x:mo>±</x:mo> <x:mn>1.0</x:mn> <x:msub> <x:mrow> <x:mn>6</x:mn> </x:mrow> <x:mrow> <x:mi>sys</x:mi> </x:mrow> </x:msub> <x:mo stretchy="false">)</x:mo> <x:mo>×</x:mo> <x:msup> <x:mrow> <x:mn>10</x:mn> </x:mrow> <x:mrow> <x:mo>−</x:mo> <x:mn>1</x:mn> </x:mrow> </x:msup> <x:mtext> </x:mtext> <x:mtext> </x:mtext> <x:msup> <x:mrow> <x:mi mathvariant="normal">m</x:mi> </x:mrow> <x:mrow> <x:mo>−</x:mo> <x:mn>2</x:mn> </x:mrow> </x:msup> <x:mtext> </x:mtext> <x:msup> <x:mrow> <x:mi mathvariant="normal">s</x:mi> </x:mrow> <x:mrow> <x:mo>−</x:mo> <x:mn>1</x:mn> </x:mrow> </x:msup> </x:mrow> </x:math> for the Subatomic Particle Hideout and Cryolab I facilities, respectively. Additionally, we develop a depth-intensity relation to predict the muon-induced neutron flux as a function of facility depth, which is consistent with measurements across a broad range of underground depths. These results provide quantitative background predictions for experimental design and sensitivity projections at shallow- and deep-underground facilities. They further demonstrate that local geology and overburden geometry influence muon-induced secondary yields and energy spectra, emphasizing the need for site-specific simulations for accurate underground background characterization. Therefore, the simulation framework has been made pu

Physical review. D/Physical review. D.Vol. 113(4)
Colorado School of Mines (US)
National Science Foundation, U.S. Department of Energy, Achievement Rewards for College Scientists Foundation, Colorado School of Mines, Office of Science
Openalex Percentile: Top 100%
Muon and positron interactions and applications
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