Characterization of spider cobwebs derived silk fiber as potential decomposable and sustainable strengthening material in polymer based biocomposites

Spider cobwebs, nature's unique architecture, hold untapped potential as bio-derived fiber with remarkable structural and chemical properties. This study delves into their intricate composition, revealing a striking 55.67% silicon oxide (SiO 2 ) content, reinforcing their structural rigidity, with calcium oxide (20.16%) and aluminum oxide (5.26%) further enhancing mechanical strength and thermal stability. X-ray diffraction (XRD) uncovers a captivating biphasic structure; an amorphous silk fibroin matrix (73.27 %) intertwined with a graphitic crystalline phase (26.74%), a synergy that fortifies their load-bearing capacity. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy highlights proteinaceous elements, showcasing amide bands linked to β-sheet structures, the secret behind the cobwebs' impressive tensile strength. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the cobweb’s nanoscale architecture (20.53 nm) and a bulk density of 1.38 g/cm 3 , energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis reveals a dynamic organic-inorganic hybrid makeup, dominated by carbon (47.31%), oxygen (29.32%), and nitrogen (16.54%), with traces of iron (5.03%) adding functional depth. Thus, the characterization of naturally occurring spider cobwebs obtained from their natural state for potential application in biodegradable bio-composites development is expected to add value to this renewable, available and underutilized bio-waste resource as an alternative to synthetically reeled spider silk. These captivating insights open the door for future research, hinting at the vast potential of spider cobwebs in revolutionizing polymer composites for biomedical as well as cutting-edge material innovations. Notably, the use of cobweb-based silk in multiple clinical fields where it functions as medical sutures, wound dressings and tissue engineering scaffolds are part of the future expectations to meet.